Depression in Parkinson's disease is associated with dopamine unresponsive reduced reward sensitivity during effort-based decision making

Willingness to exert effort for a given goal is dependent on the magnitude of the potential rewards and effort costs of an action. Such effort-based decision making is an essential component of motivation, in which the dopaminergic system plays a key role. Depression in Parkinsons disease (PD) is common, disabling and has poor outcomes. Motivational symptoms such as apathy and anhedonia, are prominent in PD depression and related to dopaminergic loss. We hypothesised that dopamine-dependent disruption in effort-based decision-making contributes to depression in PD. In the present study, an effort-based decision-making task was administered to 62 patients with PD, with and without depression, ON and OFF their dopaminergic medication across two sessions, as well as to 34 patients with depression and 29 matched controls on a single occasion. During the task, on each trial, participants decided whether to accept or reject offers of different levels of monetary reward in return for exerting varying levels of physical effort via grip force, measured using individually calibrated dynamometers. The primary outcome variable was choice (accept/decline offer), analysed using both logistic mixed-effects modelling and a computational model which dissected the individual contributions of reward and effort on depression and dopamine state in PD. We found PD depression was characterised by lower acceptance of offers, driven by markedly lower incentivisation by reward (reward sensitivity), compared to all other groups. Within-subjects analysis of the effect of dopamine medication revealed that, although dopamine treatment improves reward sensitivity in non-depressed PD patients, this therapeutic effect is not present in PD patients with depression. These findings suggest that disrupted effort-based decision-making, unresponsive to dopamine, contributes to PD depression. This highlights reward sensitivity as a key mechanism and treatment target for PD depression that potentially requires non-dopaminergic therapies.