Sex-specific brain effective connectivity patterns associated with negative emotions

Sex differences in effective brain connectivity in emotional intelligence, emotional regulation, and stimuli-induced negative emotions have been highlighted in previous research. However, to our knowledge, no research has yet investigated the sex-specific effective connectivity related to negative emotions in healthy population during resting-state. The goal of this study is to find the association between sex-specific resting-state effective brain connectivity and basic negative emotions. For this, we have employed the NIH emotion battery of the three self-reported, basic negative emotions -- anger-affect, fear-affect, and sadness which we divided into high, moderate, and low emotion scores in each. The dataset comprises 1079 subjects (584 females) from HCP Young Adults. We selected large-scale resting-state brain networks important for emotional processing namely default mode, executive, and salience networks. We employed subject-level analysis using spectral dynamic causal modelling and group-level association analyses using parametric empirical Bayes. We report association of the self-connection of left hippocampus in females in high anger-affect, fear-affect, and sadness, whereas in males we found involvement of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in all three negative emotions - association of right amygdala to dACC in high anger-affect, association of the self-connection of dACC in high fear-affect, and association of dACC to left hippocampus in high sadness. Our findings primarily revealed the effective brain connectivity that is related to the higher levels of negative emotions that may lead to psychiatric disorders if not regulated. Sex-specific therapies and interventions that target psychopathology can be more beneficial when informed by the sex-specific resting-state effective connectivity.