Graft incompatibility between pepper and tomato can be attributed to genetic incompatibility between diverged immune systems

O_LIGraft compatibility is the capacity of two plants to form cohesive vascular connections. Tomato and pepper are incompatible graft partners; however, the underlying cause of graft rejection between these two species remains unknown. C_LIO_LIWe diagnosed graft incompatibility between tomato and diverse pepper varieties based on weakened biophysical stability, decreased growth, and persistent cell death using trypan blue and TUNEL assays. Transcriptomic analysis of cell death in the junction was performed using RNA-sequencing, and molecular signatures for incompatible graft response were characterized based on meta-transcriptomic comparisons with other biotic processes. C_LIO_LIWe show that tomato is broadly incompatible with diverse pepper cultivars. These incompatible graft partners activate prolonged transcriptional changes that are highly enriched for defense processes. Amongst these processes was broad NLR upregulation and hypersensitive response. Using transcriptomic datasets for a variety of biotic stress treatments, we identified a significant overlap in the genetic profile of incompatible grafting and plant parasitism. In addition, we found over 1000 genes that are uniquely upregulated in incompatible grafts. C_LIO_LIBased on NLR overactivity, DNA damage, and prolonged cell death we have determined that tomato and pepper graft incompatibility is likely caused by a form of genetic incompatibility, which triggers a hyperimmune-response. C_LI