A unique subset of pericystic endothelium associates with aberrant microvascular remodelling and impaired blood perfusion early in polycystic kidney disease

Hallmarks of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the most common hereditary kidney anomaly, include expanding fluid-filled epithelial cysts, inflammation, and fibrosis. Despite previous work showing the potential of vascular-based therapies, renal microvascular alterations in ADPKD, and their timing, are poorly understood. Using single-cell transcriptomics of human kidney microvasculature, we identify a population of endothelial cells adjacent to cysts in ADPKD. This pericystic endothelium, distinguishable by its expression of osteopontin (SPP1), has a distinct molecular profile compared to the common endothelial cell injury signature in other kidney diseases. SPP1+ pericystic endothelium was also present in an orthologous mouse model of ADPKD before overt kidney functional decline. By interrogating geometric, topological and fractal properties from three-dimensional imaging of early ADPKD mouse kidneys, we show that pericystic endothelium associates with disorganisation and non-uniformity of the renal cortical microvasculature. Concurrently, we detected region-specific reductions in cortical blood flow within ADPKD murine kidneys using arterial spin labelling. We conclude that ADPKD kidneys contain a unique subset of endothelium manifesting with aberrant remodelling and impaired blood perfusion. Its detection, prior to renal functional decline, advocates the vasculature as a therapeutic target to modulate or preserve renal function in early ADPKD.