Biotic and abiotic drivers of ecosystem functioning differ between a temperate and a tropical region

Any single ecosystem will provide many ecosystem functions. Whether these functions tend to increase in concert or trade off against each other is a question of much current interest. Equally topical are the drivers behind ecosystem function rates. Yet, we lack large-scale systematic studies that investigate how abiotic factors can directly or indirectly -- via effects on biodiversity -- drive ecosystem functioning. In this study, we assessed the impact of climate, landscape and biotic community on ecosystem functioning and multifunctioning in the temperate and tropical zone, and investigated potential trade-offs among ecosystem functions in both zones. To achieve this, we measured a diverse set of insect-related ecosystem functions -- including herbivory, seed dispersal, predation, decomposition and pollination -- at 50 sites across Madagascar and 171 sites across Sweden, and characterized the insect community at each site using Malaise traps. We used structural equations models to infer causality of the effects of climate, landscape, and biodiversity on ecosystem functioning. For the temperate zone, we found that abiotic factors were more important than biotic factors in driving ecosystem functioning, while in the tropical zone, effects of biotic drivers were most pronounced. In terms of trade-offs among functions, in the temperate zone, only seed dispersal and predation were positively correlated, while all other functions were uncorrelated. By contrast, in the tropical zone, most ecosystem functions increased in concert, highlighting that tropical ecosystems can simultaneously provide a diverse set of functions. These correlated functions in Madagascar could for the most part be explained by similar responses to local climate, landscape, and biota. Our study suggests that the functioning of temperate and tropical ecosystems differs fundamentally in patterns and drivers. Without a better understanding of these differences, it will be impossible to correctly predict shifts in ecosystem functioning in response to environmental disturbances. To identify global patterns and drivers of ecosystem functioning, we will next need replicate sampling across biomes - as here achieved for two regions, thus paving the road and setting the baseline expectations.