Rules of departure: Antiphony and personalized vocal spaces in wild male elephant group coordination

In the intricate realm of animal communication, vocal signals play a vital role in maintaining bonds and coordinating group activities. Through detailed analysis of low-frequency rumble vocalizations of wild male African Savannah elephants, we demonstrate how these calls are employed in a coordinated manner. Our findings reveal a distinct pattern of call-and-response, usually initiated by a dominant male, with subsequent turn-taking responses from other group members. This antiphonal calling is instrumental in facilitating collective decision-making and group departures, highlighting a sophisticated level of communication previously unrecognized in male elephant groups. Furthermore, the study delves into the frequency content of these rumbles, finding significant individual variations in vocal characteristics. Analysis of the first two formant frequencies of these calls uncovers a distinct vocal space for each elephant, variable over time and across different social contexts. These individualized vocal spaces suggest a mechanism for personal identification within and across elephant groups, and may also relate to the information content of their vocal exchanges. The vocal spaces and structured antiphony presented in this study underline the complexity of elephant vocal communication and invite further targeted research into the vocal communication system of elephants, as well as inquiry into the cognitive and social aspects of wildlife communication in general.