Genetic Studies Highlight the Role of TET2 and INO80 in DNA Damage Response and Kidney Disease Pathogenesis

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 800 loci associated with kidney function, yet the specific genes, variants, and pathways involved remain elusive. By integrating kidney function GWAS, human kidney expression and methylation quantitative trait analyses, we identified Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) DNA demethylase 2: TET2 as a novel kidney disease risk gene. Utilizing single-cell chromatin accessibility and CRISPR-based genome editing, we highlight GWAS variants that influence TET2 expression in kidney proximal tubule cells. Experiments using kidney-tubule-specific Tet2 knockout mice indicated its protective role in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, as well as chronic kidney disease and fibrosis, induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction or adenine diet. Single-cell gene profiling of kidneys from Tet2 knockout mice and TET2-knock-down tubule cells revealed the altered expression of DNA damage repair and chromosome segregation genes, notably including INO80, another kidney function GWAS target gene itself. Remarkably both TET2-null and INO80-null cells exhibited an increased accumulation of micronuclei after injury, leading to the activation of cytosolic nucleotide sensor cGAS-STING. Genetic deletion of cGAS or STING in kidney tubules or pharmacological inhibition of STING protected TET2 null mice from disease development. In conclusion, our findings highlight TET2 and INO80 as key genes in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases, indicating the importance of DNA damage repair mechanisms.