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An Evaluation of the Tumor Microenvironment through CALR,IL1R1,IFNB1,and IFNG to Assess Prognosis and Immunotherapy Response in Bladder Cancer Patients

Lilong, L.; Zhenghao, L.; Lei, F.; Zhipeng, Y.; Junyi, H.; Yaxin, H.; Yang, L.; Yuhong, D.; Yingchun, K.; Ke, C.; Yi, H.; Zheng, L.

2025-06-05 immunology
10.1101/2024.01.24.577030 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of cell death sparking adaptive immune responses, can reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME). Exploring key ICD-related genes in bladder cancer (BLCA) could enhance personalized treatment. TCGA BLCA patients were divided into two ICD subtypes: ICD-high and ICD-low. High ICD expression linked to increased immune cell infiltration and longer survival, but with potentially suppressed immune function. The high ICD group responded better to PD1-targeted therapy. A risk-scoring model with four ICD-related genes (CALR, IL1R1, IFNB1, IFNG) was validated across TCGA, GEO datasets, and tissue samples, showing higher risk-score correlated with weaker anti-tumor immune function, more tumor-promoting elements, lower immunotherapy response rates, and shorter patient survival.This study connects ICD-related genes to BLCA prognosis and immune infiltration, offering a vital tool for personalized treatment guidance.

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