Temperature-mediated dynamics: unraveling the impact of temperature on cuticular hydrocarbon profiles, mating behavior, and life history traits in three Drosophila species

In a world grappling with climate change, understanding the enduring impact of changes in temperature on insect adult traits is crucial. Here, we explored the intricate dynamics of exposure to different temperatures in three Drosophila species: Drosophila ezoana originating in Arctic regions, D. novamexicana in arid, hot environments, and in the cosmopolitan species D. virilis. Rearing these flies at 15, 20, 25, and 30{degrees}C revealed striking variations in their cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles, known to mediate mate recognition and prevent water loss in insects. The cold-adapted D. ezoana consistently exhibited reduced CHC levels with increasing temperatures, while the warm-adapted D. novamexicana and the cosmopolitan D. virilis displayed more nuanced responses. Additionally, we observed a significant influence of rearing temperature on the mating behavior of these flies, where those reared at the extreme tempreatures, 15 and 30{degrees}C, exhibiting reduced mating success. Consequently, this led to a decrease in the production of adult offspring. Also these adult offspring underwent notable alterations in life history traits, reaching adulthood more rapidly at 25 and 30{degrees}C but with lower weight and reduced longevity. Furthermore, among these offspring, those produced by the cold-adapted D. ezoana were more vulnerable to desiccation and starvation compared to those from the warm-adapted D. novamexicana and the cosmopolitan D. virilis. In summary, our research underscores the intricate interplay between temperature, ecological adaptation and various life history traits in Drosophila species from distinct agro-ecological regions. The observed variations in CHC profiles, mating behavior, fertility and responses to environmental stressors collectively provide valuable insights into how environmental conditions shape the biology and ecology of insects.