Neural representations of predicted events: Evidence from time-resolved EEG decoding

Through statistical learning, humans are able to extract temporal regularities, using the past to predict the future. Evidence suggests that learning relational structures makes it possible to anticipate the imminent future; yet, the neural dynamics of predicting the future and its time-course remain elusive. To examine whether future representations are denoted in a temporally discounted fashion, we used the high-temporal-resolution of electroencephalography (EEG). Observers were exposed to a fixed sequence of events at four unique spatial positions within the display. Using multivariate pattern analyses trained on independent pattern estimators, we were able to decode the spatial position of dots within full sequences, and within randomly intermixed partial sequences wherein only a single dot was presented. Crucially, within these partial sequences, subsequent spatial positions could be reliably decoded at their expected moment in time. These findings highlight the dynamic weight changes within the assumed spatial priority map and mark the first implementation of EEG to decode predicted, yet critically omitted events. Impact statementUtilizing high-temporal-resolution EEG, the dynamic weight changes of assumed spatial priority map were visualized by decoding the spatial position of expected, yet omitted, events at their expected moment in time.