High-speed Auto-Polarization Synchronization Modulation Three-dimensional Structured Illumination Microscopy

In recent years, notable progress has been achieved in both the hardware and algorithms of structured illumination microscopy (SIM). Nevertheless, the advancement of 3DSIM has been impeded by challenges arising from the speed and intricacy of polarization modulation. In this study, we introduce a high-speed modulation 3DSIM system, leveraging the polarization maintaining and modulation capabilities of a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) in conjunction with an electro-optic modulator. The DMD-3DSIM system yields a 2-fold enhancement in both lateral (133 nm) and axial (300 nm) resolution compared to wide-field imaging, and can acquire a data set comprising 29 sections of 1024x1024 pixels, with 15 ms exposure time and 6.75 s per volume. The versatility of the DMD-3DSIM approach was exemplified through the imaging of various specimens, including fluorescent beads, nuclear pores, microtubules, actin filaments, and mitochondria within cells, as well as plant and animal tissues. Notably, polarized 3DSIM elucidated the orientation of actin filaments. Furthermore, the implementation of diverse deconvolution algorithms further enhances three-dimensional resolution. The DMD-based 3DSIM system presents a rapid and reliable methodology for investigating biomedical phenomena, boasting capabilities encompassing 3D superresolution, fast temporal resolution, and polarization imaging.