Optimizing PCR using mtDNA Universal Primers for Detecting Indigenous Domestic Animal Species from Pakistan

The prevalence of specific animal meat consumption is integral to human nutrition but is jeopardized by the widespread issue of meat adulteration, posing threats to both the industry and consumer health. Escalating demand has led to fraudulent practices, necessitating reliable techniques for authentic source identification, aligning with ethical and religious principles. PCR has proven effective in addressing this concern by examining twelve domestic animal species in Pakistan, differentiating between halal and haram species. The method employs universal primers for 16S rRNA gene amplification, generating species-specific DNA fragments. This sophisticated approach, producing distinct fragments for cow, camel, goat, sheep, chicken, cat, dog, donkey, duck, rabbit, horse, and human with 507, 385, 787, 763, 470, 700, 370, 600, 500, 750, 800 and 300bp holds promise for identifying and tracing these species in commercial meat products. By ensuring robust food traceability, this methodology combats contemporary challenges in adulteration, preserving the integrity of the food supply chain.