The pathogenic coronatine toxin hijacks host redox signalling to suppress plant immunity
Frungillo, L.; Oka, N.; Lee, S.-U.; Nomoto, M.; Yun, B.-W.; Tada, Y.; Spoel, S. H.
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Reciprocal antagonism between the hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) is particularly important during infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. P. syringae secretion of the virulence-promoting toxin, coronatine, is thought to suppress SA-induced immune responses by manipulating host JA signalling. Here, we report an unexpected JA-independent role of coronatine in promoting pathogen virulence. While JA induced resistance to P. syringae, coronatine promoted pathogen virulence by suppressing cellular accumulation of glutathione, a vital antioxidant required for immunity. Coronatine-mediated suppression of glutathione levels prevented activation of NPR1, a redox-sensitive master regulator of SA-responsive immune genes. Moreover, the accrual of nitric oxide (NO) restored virulence of coronatine-deficient P. syringae, but was counteracted by expression of the host S-nitrosothiol reductase, Thioredoxin h5. Thus, our findings indicate P. syringae utilises coronatine to suppresses host immunity by precisely manipulating glutathione- and NO-mediated redox signalling networks.
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