Dynamic Responses of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Control the Extinction and Updating of Goal-Directed Learning

Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) regulate behavioral flexibility, but their exact contribution to this process remains elusive. In this study, we report that extinction learning enhances acetylcholine (ACh) release. Mimicking this enhancement by optogenetically inducing CIN burst firing promotes extinction learning. CINs receive excitatory thalamic inputs, and we observed that extinction training augmented thalamic activity. Optogenetically stimulating these thalamic inputs caused CIN burst firing and enhanced ACh release, strengthening extinction learning. Notably, CIN burst firing is usually followed by a pause in firing. We found that disrupting this pause through continuous optogenetic stimulation reversibly impaired the updating of goal-directed behaviors. Furthermore, excessive alcohol consumption reduced thalamus-induced burst-pause firing in CINs and impaired the reversal of goal-directed learning. In summary, thalamic-driven CIN burst firing promotes extinction learning, while the pause is pivotal for reversing goal-directed behavior, a process impacted by excessive alcohol. These findings shed light on how CINs dynamic responses affect behavioral flexibility. HighlightsH1. Burst firing of CINs promotes extinction learning H2. Thalamic-CIN excitation enhances extinction learning H3. Pause of CIN is critical for the reversal of goal-directed learning H4. Chronic alcohol consumption reduces the burst-pause of CINs and impairs the reversal of goal-directed learning.