To assess the occupational hazards and factors contributing to the health effects among female market traders in Nakasero market, central Kampala

BackgroundIn Uganda, the informal sector, particularly public markets, presents a concerning array of unregulated workplace hazards, predominantly affecting female traders. These hazards pose significant threats to the health of female market traders, who make up the majority of the workforce. However, there has been limited attention given to identifying and addressing the occupational risks faced by these women. This study aimed to assess the occupational hazards and the contributing factors to health effects among female market traders in Nakasero market, central Kampala. MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among female market traders in Nakasero market, central Kampala. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data collection involved face-to-face, interviewer-administered, semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using EPIDATA 3.02, STATA 14, and Microsoft Excel, while qualitative data were subjected to deductive thematic analysis. ResultsThe hazards encompassed biological risks, where a significant proportion reported suffering from mosquito bites within the market (87.36%), and urinary tract infections (UTIs) attributed to microorganisms stemming from unclean toilet facilities (80.46%). Furthermore, the investigation revealed the presence of physical, ergonomic, and psychological hazards, all of which posed a threat to the health of female market traders. Various factors contributed to the health effects experienced by these traders. Notably, many of them endured prolonged working hours without adequate rest or sleep, with 47% of female market traders spending over 12 hours in the market. The study also found that a majority of respondents failed to use personal protective equipment (PPE), totaling 70.49%. Additionally, a substantial portion (42%) admitted to not practicing proper hand hygiene while in the market. Issues related to sanitary facilities were prevalent, including a shortage of toilet stalls, unclean conditions, and occasional water shortages. Poor market infrastructure, inadequate working space, and overcrowding further compounded the challenges faced by female market traders. The health effects and problems reported by these traders encompassed a spectrum of issues, including musculoskeletal pain, malaria, UTIs, respiratory problems, COVID-19, skin conditions, headaches, and obesity. ConclusionThis study underscores the ongoing occupational hazards and health effects faced by female market traders in public markets throughout Uganda, arising from a combination of various contributing factors. Addressing these issues is crucial to safeguard the well-being of these women and improve their working conditions.