Low exposure to lithium does not induce nephrogenic diabetes insipidus but microcystic dilations of collecting ducts in a long-term rat model

Lithium induces nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and microcystic chronic kidney disease (CKD). As clinical studies suggested that NDI is dose-dependent and CKD time-dependent, we investigated the effects of low exposure to lithium in a long-term rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly fed during six months with normal diet (controls), addition of lithium to diet, or addition of lithium and amiloride to diet, allowing reaching low steady-state plasma lithium concentrations (0.25{+/-}0.06 and 0.43{+/-}0.16 mmol/L, respectively). Exposure to low plasma lithium concentrations did not induce NDI but microcystic dilations of kidney tubules, identified as collecting ducts (CDs) using immunofluorescent staining. Both hypertrophy, characterized by an increase in the ratio of nuclei per tubular area, and microcystic dilations were observed. Principal cell-to-intercalated cell ratio was higher in dilated than in hypertrophied tubules. There was no correlation between aquaporin-2 mRNA levels and cellular remodelling of CDs. Amiloride/lithium co-administration did not allow significant consistent morphometric and cellular composition changes compared to lithium administration. To conclude, rat low exposure to lithium did not induce overt NDI but microcystic dilations of CDs, which include a marked alteration in cell composition of hypertrophied and dilated CDs, suggesting two distinct underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.