Targeting LC3/GABARAP for degrader development and autophagy modulation
Schwalm, M. P.; Dopfer, J.; Kumar, A.; Greco, F. A.; Bauer, N.; Loehr, F.; Heering, J.; Cano, S.; Lechner, S.; Hanke, T.; Bekic, I.; Morasch, V.; Fearon, D.; Marples, P. G.; Tomlinson, C. W. E.; Brunello, L.; Saxena, K.; Adams, N.; von-Delft, F.; Mueller, S.; Kuester, B.; Stolz, A.; Proschak, E.; Knapp, S.; Rogov, V. V.
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Recent successes in developing small-molecule degraders that act through the ubiquitin system have spurred efforts to extend this technology to other mechanisms, including the autophagosomal-lysosomal pathway. Therefore, reports of autophagosome tethering compounds (ATTECs) have received considerable attention from the drug development community. ATTECs are based on the target recruitment to LC3/GABARAP, a family of membrane-bound proteins that tether autophagy receptors to the autophagosome. In order to validate the existing ligands, we rigorously tested target engagement of reported ATTEC ligands and handles. Surprisingly, using various biophysical methods, most available ligands did not interact with their designated target LC3. Intrigued by the idea of developing ATTECs, we evaluated the druggability of LC3/GABARAP by in silico docking and large scale crystallographic fragment screening. The data revealed that most fragments bound to the HP2, but not the HP1 pocket of the LC3-interacting region (LIR) docking site, suggesting favorable druggability of this binding pocket. Here, we present diverse comprehensively validated ligands for future ATTEC development.
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