4D Mesoscale liquid model of nucleus resolves chromatin's radial organization

Recent chromatin capture, imaging techniques, and polymer modeling advancements have dramatically enhanced our quantitative understanding of chromosomal folding. However, the dynamism inherent in genome architectures due to physical and biochemical forces and their impact on nuclear architecture and cellular functions remains elusive. While imaging techniques capable of probing the physical properties of chromatin in 4D are growing, there is a conspicuous lack of physics-based computational tools appropriate for revealing the underlying forces that shape nuclear architecture and dynamics. To this end, we have developed a multi-phase liquid model of the nucleus, which can resolve chromosomal territories, compartments, and nuclear lamina using a physics-based and data-informed free energy function. The model enables rapid hypothesis-driven prototyping of nuclear dynamics in 4D, thereby facilitating comparison with whole nucleus imaging experiments. As an application, we model the Drosophila nucleus spanning the interphase and map phase diagram of nuclear morphologies. We shed light on the interplay of adhesive and cohesive interactions within the nucleus, giving rise to distinct radial organization seen in conventional, inverted, and senescent nuclear architectures. The results also show the highly dynamic nature of the radial organization, the disruption of which leads to significant variability in domain coarsening dynamics and, consequently, variability of chromatin architecture. The model also highlights the impact of oblate nuclear geometry and heterochromatin sub-type interactions on the global chromatin architecture and local asymmetry of chromatin compartments.