Inhibition of the type IV secretion system from antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates supports the potential of Cagα as an anti-virulence target

Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics is a growing problem and it increasingly leads to treatment failure. While the bacterium is present worldwide, the severity of the clinical outcomes is highly dependent on the geographical origin and genetic characteristics of the strains. One of the major virulence factors identified in H. pylori is the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), which encodes a type IV secretion used to translocate effectors into human cells. Here, we investigated the genetic variability of the cagPAI among 13 antibiotic-resistant H. pylori strains that were isolated from patient biopsies in Quebec. Seven of the clinical strains carried the cagPAI, but only four could be readily cultivated under laboratory conditions. We observed variability of the sequences of CagA and CagL proteins that are encoded by the cagPAI. All clinical isolates induce interleukin-8 secretion and morphological changes upon co-incubation with epithelial gastric cancer cells and two of them produce extracellular T4SS pili. Finally, we demonstrate that molecule 1G2, a small molecule inhibitor of the Cag protein from the model strain H. pylori 26695, reduces interleukin-8 secretion in one of the clinical isolates. Co-incubation with 1G2 also inhibits the assembly of T4SS pili, suggesting a mechanism for its action on T4SS function.