YfmR is a translation factor that prevents ribosome stalling and cell death in the absence of EF-P

Protein synthesis is performed by the ribosome and a host of highly conserved elongation factors. Elongation factor P (EF-P) prevents ribosome stalling at difficult-to-translate sequences, particularly polyproline tracts. In bacteria, phenotypes associated with efp deletion range from modest to lethal, suggesting that some species encode an additional translation factor that has similar function to EF-P. Here we identify YfmR as a translation factor that is essential in the absence of EF-P in B. subtilis. YfmR is an ABCF ATPase that is closely related to both Uup and EttA, ABCFs that bind the ribosomal E-site and are conserved in more than 50% of bacterial genomes. We show that YfmR associates with actively translating ribosomes and that depleting YfmR from {Delta}efp cells causes severe ribosome stalling at a polyproline tract in vivo. YfmR depletion from {Delta}efp cells was lethal, and caused reduced levels of actively translating ribosomes. Our results therefore identify YfmR as an important translation factor that is essential in B. subtilis in the absence of EF-P. SignificanceTranslation is one of the most ancient and energetically demanding processes that occurs in the cell. Ribosomes constitute more than 60% of cellular mass in actively growing cells, and ribosomes are a major target of antimicrobials and chemotherapeutics. Here, we identify YfmR as a translation factor that is essential in the absence of EF-P. YfmR is a member of the ABCF family of ATPases whose role in translation is only beginning to be understood. Given the broad distribution of ABCFs from bacteria to fungi, we expect our results to have implications for understanding translation elongation in diverse organisms.