The role of cognition and movement of seed-dispersing animals in shaping plant distributions

In the scenarios concerning the emergence and selection of spatiotemporal cognitive abilities in vagile plant-eating animals, there is always an implicit assumption: the distribution of plants does not change and ultimately shapes the cognitive abilities of the animals, hence their movement. Yet, if plant distribution patterns are likely to remain unchanged over short time periods, they may change over long time periods as a result of animal exploitation. In particular, animal movement can shape the environment by dispersing plant seeds. Using an agent-based model simulating the foraging behaviour of a seed disperser endowed with spatiotemporal knowledge of resource distribution, I investigated whether resource spatiotemporal patterns could be influenced by the level of cognition involved in foraging. This level of cognition represented how well resource location and phenology were predicted by the agent. I showed that seed dispersers could shape the long-term distribution of resources by materialising the routes repeatedly used by the agent with the newly recruited plants. This stemmed from the conjunction of two forces: competition for space between plants and a seed-dispersing agent moving from plant to plant based on spatiotemporal memory. In turn, resource landscape modifications affected the benefits of spatiotemporal memory. This could create eco-evolutionary feedback loops between animal spatiotemporal cognition and the distribution patterns of plant resources. Altogether, the results emphasise that foraging cognition is a cause and a consequence of resource heterogeneity.