The histone lysine demethylase KDM5C fine-tunes gene expression to regulate dendritic cell heterogeneity and function

The functional and phenotypic heterogeneity of dendritic cells (DCs) plays a crucial role in facilitating the development of diverse immune responses that are essential for providing host protection. We found that KDM5C, a histone lysine demethylase of the KDM5 family regulates several aspects of conventional DC (cDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) population heterogeneity and function. Using mice conditionally deficient in KDM5C in DCs, we found that loss of KDM5C results in an increase in Ly6C- pDCs compared to Ly6C+ pDCs. We found that Ly6C- pDCs, compared to Ly6C+ pDCs, have increased expression of cell cycle genes, decreased expression of activation markers and limited ability to produce type I interferon (IFN). Both KDM5C-deficient Ly6C- and Ly6C+ pDCs have increased expression of activation markers, however, are dysfunctional and have limited ability to produce type I IFN. For conventional cDCs, KDM5C deficiency resulted in increased proportions of cDC2Bs (CLEC12A+, ESAM-) and cDC1s, which was partly dependent on type I IFN and pDCs. Using ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, and CUT&RUN for histone marks, we found that KDM5C regulates epigenetic programming of cDC1. In the absence of KDM5C, we found an increased expression of inflammatory markers, consistent with our previous results in bone marrow-derived DCs. However, we also found a decrease in mitochondrial metabolism genes and altered expression of cDC lineage-specific genes. In response to Listeria infection, KDM5C-conditionally deficient mice mounted reduced CD8+ T cell responses, indicating that KDM5C expression in DCs is necessary for their function. Thus, KDM5C is a key regulator of DC heterogeneity by modulating the balance of DC subsets and serves as a critical driver of the epigenetic programming and functional properties of DCs.