Atomic structure of wheat ribosome reveals unique features of the plant ribosomes

Ribosomes from plants have unique plant-specific features that may aid in rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions due to their sessile nature. Here, we present high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of the 60S and 80S ribosomes from wheat, a monocot staple crop plant (Triticum aestivum). We compare wheat ribosome with closely related ribosomes from a dicot plant and other eukaryotes from yeast to humans. While plant ribosomes have unique plant-specific rRNA modification (Cm1847) in peptide exit tunnel, Zinc-finger motif in eL34 is absent and uL4 is extended making an exclusive interaction network. We note striking differences in eL15-Helix 11 (25S) interaction network, eL6-Expansion segment 7 assembly and certain rRNA chemical modifications between monocot and dicot ribosomes. Among eukaryotic ribosomes, we observe that rRNA modification (Gm75) in 5.8S rRNA is highly conserved and a base flipping (G1506) in peptide exit tunnel, and these features are likely involved in sensing nascent peptide. Finally, we discuss importance of universal conservation of three consecutive rRNA modifications in all ribosomes for their interaction with A-site aminoacyl-tRNA.