Raman spectra and gene expression correspondences reveal global stoichiometry conservation architecture in cells

Cells can adapt to various environments by changing their biomolecular profiles while maintaining physiological homeostasis. What organizational principles in cells enable the simultaneous realization of adaptability and homeostasis? To address this question, we measure Raman scattering light from Escherichia coli cells under diverse conditions, whose spectral patterns convey their comprehensive molecular composition. We reveal that dimension-reduced Raman spectra can predict condition-dependent proteome profiles. Quantitative analysis of the Raman-proteome correspondence characterizes a low-dimensional hierarchical stoichiometry-conserving proteome structure. The network centrality of each gene in the stoichiometry conservation relations correlates with its essentiality and evolutionary conservation, and these correlations are preserved from bacteria to human cells. Furthermore, stoichiometry-conserving core components obey growth law and ensure homeostasis across conditions, whereas peripheral stoichiometry-conserving components enable adaptation to specific conditions. Mathematical analysis reveals that the stoichiometrically constrained architecture is reflected in major changes in Raman spectral patterns. These results uncover coordination of global stoichiometric balance in cells and demonstrate that vibrational spectroscopy can decipher such biological constraints beyond statistical or machine-learning inference of cellular states.