Isoform Specific Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclase 5 by Gβγ

The nine different membrane-anchored adenylyl cyclase isoforms (AC1-9) in mammals are stimulated by the heterotrimeric G protein Gs, but their response to G{beta}{gamma} regulation is isoform-specific. For example, AC5 is conditionally activated by G{beta}{gamma}. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of ligand-free AC5 in complex with G{beta}{gamma} and of a dimeric form of AC5 that could be involved in its regulation. G{beta}{gamma} binds to a coiled-coil domain that links the AC transmembrane region to its catalytic core as well as to a region (C1b) that is known to be a hub for isoform-specific regulation. We confirmed the G{beta}{gamma} interaction with both purified proteins and cell-based assays. The interface with G{beta}{gamma} involves AC5 residues that are subject to gain-of-function mutations in humans with familial dyskinesia, indicating that the observed interaction is important for motor function. A molecular mechanism wherein G{beta}{gamma} either prevents dimerization of AC5 or allosterically modulates the coiled-coil domain, and hence the catalytic core, is proposed. Because our mechanistic understanding of how individual AC isoforms are uniquely regulated is limited, studies such as this may provide new avenues for isoform-specific drug development.