Unlocking the Secrets of the Primate Visual Cortex: A CNN-Based Approach Traces the Origins of Major Organizational Principles to Retinal Sampling

Primate visual cortex exhibits key organizational principles: Cortical magnification, eccentricity-dependent receptive field size and spatial frequency tuning as well as radial bias. We provide compelling evidence that these principles arise from the interplay of the non-uniform distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and a quasi-uniform convergence rate from the retina to the cortex. We show that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) outfitted with a retinal sampling layer, which resamples images according to retinal ganglion cell density, develop these organizational principles. Surprisingly, our results indicate that radial bias is spatial-frequency dependent and only manifests for high spatial frequencies. For low spatial frequencies, the bias shifts towards orthogonal orientations. These findings introduce a novel hypothesis about the origin of radial bias. Quasi-uniform convergence limits the range of spatial frequencies (in retinal space) that can be resolved, while retinal sampling determines the spatial frequency content throughout the retina.