Fever-like temperature bursts promote competence development via an HtrA-dependent pathway in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is well known for its ability to develop competence for natural DNA transformation. Competence development is regulated by an autocatalytic loop driven by variations in the basal level of transcription of the comCDE and comAB operons. These genes are part of the early gene regulon that controls expression of the late competence genes known to encode the apparatus of transformation. Several stressful conditions are known to promote competence development, although the induction pathways are remain poorly understood so far. To date there have been no reports of the response of the pneumococcal competence regulon to changes in the physical conditions of the environment, oxidative potential and temperature. Here we demonstrate that transient temperature elevation induces an immediate increase in the basal expression level of the comCDE operon and early genes that, in turn, stimulates its full induction, including that of the late competence regulon. This thermal regulation depends on the HtrA chaperone/protease and its proteolytic activity. We find that certain other competence induction stimuli are not conveyed by the HtrA-dependent pathway. This finding strongly supports that competence can be induced by any of several independent pathways and thus reinforces the view that competence is a general stress response system in the pneumococcus. Authors summaryStreptococcus pneumoniae is a commensal bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Certain environmental stimuli, such as a variety of antibiotics targeting distinct cellular functions, trigger the induction of the distinct physiological state of competence, in which cells can, among other things, import and integrate external DNA. Competence is thus considered a general stress response in this highly adaptable species. To understand the role of competence in pneumococcal interaction with its host and in pathogenicity, we attempted to decipher the pathways that enable appropriate reactions to environmental stress, and have focused here on induction of competence by elevation of temperature to levels similar to that of a host in fever. We found that elevated temperature raises the basal expression level of the competence control operon, and thus lowers the threshold of transition to full competence induction. By genetic characterisation of the thermal induction pathway of competence, we demonstrated that the chaperone/protease HtrA is essential to relaying of the thermal signal but is not involved in transmitting other stimuli such as those arising from the presence of certain antibiotics. Our work supports the view that competence can be induced through various pathways in response to distinct aggressions, but also by fever-like bursts of temperature that the pneumococcus could face in its natural habitat.