Ras-dependent activation of BMAL2 regulates hypoxic metabolism in pancreatic cancer

KRAS is the archetypal oncogenic driver of pancreatic cancer. To identify new modulators of KRAS activity in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we performed regulatory network analysis on a large collection of expression profiles from laser capture microdissected samples of PDAC and benign controls. We discovered that BMAL2, a member of the PAS family of transcription factors, promotes tumor initiation, progression, and post-resection survival, and is highly correlated with KRAS activity. Functional analysis of BMAL2 target genes suggested a role in regulating the hypoxia response, a hallmark of PDAC. Knockout of BMAL2 in multiple human PDAC cell lines reduced cancer cell viability, invasion, and glycolysis, leading to broad dysregulation of cellular metabolism, particularly under hypoxic conditions. We find that BMAL2 directly regulates hypoxia-responsive target genes and is necessary for the stabilization of HIF1A under low oxygen conditions, while simultaneously destabilizing HIF2A. Notably, in vivo xenograft studies demonstrated that BMAL2 loss significantly impairs tumor growth and reduces tumor volume, underscoring its functional importance in tumor progression. We conclude that BMAL2 is a master transcriptional regulator of hypoxia responses in PDAC that works downstream of KRAS signaling, possibly serving as a long-sought molecular switch that distinguishes HIF1A- and HIF2A-dependent modes of hypoxic metabolism. Statement of SignificanceWe annotate the landscape of KRAS-associated transcriptional drivers of pancreatic cancer initiation, progression, and overall survival, leading to the identification of BMAL2 as a novel regulator of hypoxic metabolism. BMAL2 helps execute the oncogenic transcriptional programs of KRAS and serves as a long-sought switch between HIF1A- and HIF2A-dependent modes of hypoxic metabolism.