RTF2 controls replication repriming and ribonucleotide excision at the replisome

Genetic information is duplicated via the highly regulated process of DNA replication. The machinery coordinating this process, the replisome, encounters many challenges, including replication fork-stalling lesions that threaten the accurate and timely transmission of genetic information. Cells have multiple mechanisms to repair or bypass lesions that would otherwise compromise DNA replication1,2. We have previously shown that proteasome shuttle proteins, DNA Damage Inducible 1 and 2 (DDI1/2) function to regulate Replication Termination Factor 2 (RTF2) at the stalled replisome, allowing for replication fork stabilization and restart3. Here we show that RTF2 regulates replisome localization of RNase H2, a heterotrimeric enzyme responsible for removing RNA in the context of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes4-6. We show that during unperturbed DNA replication, RTF2, like RNase H2, is required to maintain normal replication fork speeds. However, persistent RTF2 and RNase H2 at stalled replication forks compromises the replication stress response, preventing efficient replication restart. Such restart is dependent on PRIM1, the primase component of DNA polymerase -primase. Our data show a fundamental need for regulation of replication-coupled ribonucleotide incorporation during normal replication and the replication stress response that is achieved through RTF2. We also provide evidence for PRIM1 function in direct replication restart following replication stress in mammalian cells.