Irreversible inhibition of TRF2TRFH recruiting functions: a strategy to induce telomeric replication stress in cancer cells.
Sobinoff, A. P.; Di Maro, S.; Low, R. R. J.; Benedetti, R.; Tomassi, S.; D'Aniello, A.; Russo, R.; Baglivo, I.; Chianese, U.; Pedone, P. V.; Chambery, A.; Cesare, A. J.; Altucci, L.; Pickett, H. A.; Cosconati, S.
Show abstract
The shelterin component telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 (TRF2) is an essential regulator of telomere homeostasis and genomic stability. Mutations in the TRF2TRFH domain physically impair t-loop formation and prevent the recruitment of several factors that promote efficient telomere replication, resulting in a telomeric DNA damage response. Here, we design, synthesize, and biologically test covalent cyclic peptides that irreversibly target the TRF2TRFH domain. We identify APOD53 as our most promising compound. APOD53 forms a covalent adduct with a reactive cysteine residue present in the TRF2TRFH domain and induces phenotypes consistent with TRF2TRFH domain mutants. These include induction of a telomeric DNA damage response in the absence of fusions, increased telomeric replication stress, and impaired recruitment of regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1 (RTEL1) and structure-specific endonuclease subunit (SLX4) to telomeres. We demonstrate that APOD53 impairs cell growth in both a telomerase-positive and an ALT cell line, while sparing the viability of non-cancerous cells. Finally, we find that co-treatment with APOD53 and the G4 stabilizer RHPS4 further exacerbates telomere replication stress.
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