Cellular integration with a subretinal honeycomb-shaped prosthesis

In patients blinded by geographic atrophy, subretinal photovoltaic implant with 100{micro}m pixels provided visual acuity closely matching the pixel pitch. However, such flat bipolar pixels cannot be scaled below 75{micro}m, limiting the attainable visual acuity. This limitation can be overcome by shaping the electric field with 3-dimensional electrodes. In particular, elevating the return electrode on top of honeycomb-shaped vertical walls surrounding each pixel extends the electric field vertically and decouples its penetration into tissue from the pixel width. This approach relies on migration of the retinal cells into the honeycomb wells. Here, we demonstrate that the majority of the inner retinal neurons migrate into 25{micro}m deep wells, leaving the third-order neurons, such as amacrine and ganglion cells, outside. This is important for selective stimulation of the second-order neurons to preserve the retinal signal processing in prosthetic vision. Comparable glial response to that with flat implants suggests that migration and separation of the retinal cells by the walls does not cause additional stress. Furthermore, retinal migration into the honeycombs does not negatively affect its electrical excitability.