Heterotrophic bacteria drive sulfide oxidation in coastal sediments

Sulfate reduction and sulfur oxidation are very active in coastal sediments. They shape the biogeochemistry and microbial ecology at hot places of organic matter metabolism. Different from the well-studied sulfate reduction, sulfur oxidation in coastal sediments is still full of questions. Herein, we investigated the distribution of reduced sulfur compounds in differently layers of coastal sediments at the Yellow sea and found that sulfide (H2S), sulfane sulfur (S0), and thiosulfate mainly accumulated in anaerobic sediments and were mostly oxidized in anoxic and oxic interface in the sediments and the sea water. Bacterial community analysis indicated that heterotrophic bacteria are dominating species in surface sediments and sea water. Metagenome analysis showed that two sulfur-oxidizing genes encoding sulfide:quinone oxidoreductases (SQR) and persufide dioxygenases (PDO), were sharply more abundant than other sulfur-oxidizing genes in the coastal sediments. Since members of the marine Roseobacter clade were dominant in coastal waters and sediments, we studied the sulfur oxidation pathway in the Roseobacter Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 and found that sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, persulfide dioxygenase, and sulfite-oxidizing enzyme were the main enzymes for the oxidation of H2S, zerovalent sulfur, and sulfite/thiosulfate. This study, for the first time, clarified the dominating function of heterotrophic bacteria in sulfur oxidation in the coastal sediments and sea water. IMPORTANCECoastal sediments are the most productive ecosystems. We performed the microbial community diversity and metagenomic analysis of seawater and coastal sediments of the Yellow Sea and explored the sulfur oxidation process in them. We found that heterotrophic bacteria are dominating species in surface sediments and sea water, sulfide and sulfane sulfur were mostly oxidized in surface sediments, and the genes encoding SQR, PDO, and SOE are abundant. Using Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 as the model strain, we studied how these enzymes cooperate to oxidize H2S to sulfate. Thus, this research revealed the critical role of heterotrophic bacteria in sulfur oxidation in coastal sediments and sea water.