Feedback brings scene information to the representation of occluded image regions in area V1 of monkeys and humans

Neuronal activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) is driven by feedforward input from within the neurons receptive fields (RFs) and modulated by contextual information in regions surrounding the RF. The effect of contextual information on spiking activity occurs rapidly, and is therefore challenging to dissociate from feedforward input. To address this challenge, we recorded the spiking activity of V1 neurons in monkeys viewing either natural scenes or scenes where the information in the RF was occluded, effectively removing the feedforward input. We found that V1 neurons responded rapidly and selectively to occluded scenes. V1 responses elicited by occluded stimuli could be used to decode scene identity and could be predicted from those elicited by non-occluded images, indicating that there is overlap between visually-driven and contextual responses. We used representational similarity analysis to show that the structure of V1 representations of occluded scenes measured with electrophysiology in monkeys correlates strongly with the representations of the same scenes in humans measured with fMRI. Our results reveal that contextual influences alter the spiking activity of V1 in monkeys across large distances on a rapid time scale, carry information about scene identity and resemble those in human V1.