An alternative malonyl-CoA producing pathway in nature

Malonyl-CoA is a key metabolic intermediate for biosynthesis of diverse cellular molecules and natural products. Carboxylation of acetyl-CoA is almost the unique pathway for malonly-CoA biosynthesis. Biotechnological production of numerous value-added malonyl-CoA-derived chemicals require high intracellular supply of malonyl-CoA. However, because of the central role of acetyl-CoA in primary metabolism, it is difficult to develop flexible strategies to balance malonyl-CoA supply with other cellular metabolism. Here we find that there is a natural alternative malonyl-CoA-producing pathway, in which the key reaction is catalyzed by an -keto acid dehydrogenase complex BkdFGH from Streptomyces avermitilis. This dehydrogenase complex could efficiently catalyze biosynthesis of malonyl-CoA from oxaloacetate in addition to recognizing its native substrate branched-chain -keto acid. Oxaloacetate dehydrogenase (OADH) was shown to play important physiological roles during the regulation of biosynthesis of native malonyl-CoA-derived polyketides in Streptomyces. Furthermore, the oxlaocetate dehydrogenation reaction is thermodynamically superior to acetyl-CoA carboxylation and enable efficient bioproduction of diverse malonyl-CoA-derived chemicals in engineering Escherichia coli. This novel malonyl-CoA source thus has great potential in the biotechnological field.