Integrated PET and confocal imaging informs a functional timeline for the dynamic process of vascular reconnection during grafting.

Grafting is a widely used agricultural technique that involves the physical joining of separate plant parts so they form a unified vascular system, enabling beneficial traits from independent genotypes to be captured in a single plant. This simple, yet powerful tool has been used for thousands of years to improve abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, enhance yield, and alter plant architecture in diverse crop systems. Despite the global importance and ancient history of grafting, our understanding of the fundamental biological processes that make this technique successful remains limited, making it difficult to efficiently expand on new genotypic graft combinations. One of the key determinants of successful grafting is the formation of the graft junction, an anatomically unique region where xylem and phloem strands connect between newly joined plant parts to form a unified vascular system. Here, we use an integrated imaging approach to establish a spatiotemporal framework for graft junction formation in the model crop Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), a plant that is commonly grafted worldwide to boost yield and improve abiotic and biotic stress resistance. By combining Positron Emission Tomography (PET), a technique that enables the spatio-temporal tracking of radiolabeled molecules, with high-resolution laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), we are able to merge detailed, anatomical differentiation of the graft junction with a quantitative timeline for when xylem and phloem connections are functionally re-established. In this timeline, we identify a 72-hour window when anatomically connected xylem and phloem strands regain functional capacity, with phloem restoration typically preceding xylem restoration by about 24-hours. Furthermore, we identify heterogeneity in this developmental and physiological timeline that corresponds with microvariability in the physical contact between newly joined rootstock-scion tissues. Our integration of PET and confocal imaging technologies provides a spatio-temporal timeline that will enable future investigations into cellular and tissue patterning events that underlie successful versus failed vascular restoration across the graft junction.