Remodeling and compaction of the inactive X is regulated by Xist during female B cell activation
Anguera, M.; Sierra, I.; Nguyen, S. C.; Barnett, R. J.; Cook, A.; Ryu, H.-S.; Beethem, Z.; Phillips-Cremins, J. E.; Joyce, E. F.
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X Chromosome Inactivation (XCI) equalizes X-linked gene expression between sexes. B cells exhibit unusually dynamic XCI, as Xist RNA/heterochromatic marks on the inactive X (Xi) are absent in naive B cells, but return following mitogenic stimulation. Xi gene expression analysis supports dosage compensation, but reveals high levels of XCI escape genes in both naive and activated B cells. Allele-specific OligoPaints indicate similar Xi and Xa territories in B cells that is less compact than in fibroblasts. Allele-specific Hi-C maps reveal a lack of TAD-like structures on the Xi of naive B cells, and alterations in TADs and stronger TAD boundaries at Xi escape genes after mitogenic stimulation. Notably, Xist deletion in B cells reduces Xi compaction and changes TAD boundaries, independent of its localization to the Xi. Our findings provide the first evidence that Xi compaction/small scale organization in lymphocytes impact XCI maintenance and female biased X-linked gene expression.
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