The spatio-temporal distribution of musculoskeletal disorders: results of the Global Burden of Disease in 204 countries and 21 subregions between 1990 and 2019.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to globally assess the prevalence and distribution of primary-origin musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) from 1990 to 2019 to better understand their temporal trends. MethodsUsing data from the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, prevalence rates of 6 primary-origin MSDs were analysed across sub-regions, age groups, and genders. Raw and age-standardized data were mapped for over 204 countries. Cochran-Armitage trend tests evaluated temporal prevalence trends. The correlation between MSDs prevalence, national income levels, and medical density was explored. ResultsIn 2019, global MSDs prevalence varied significantly among countries. Hip osteoarthritis had a prevalence of 0.56% [95% CI: 0.43-0.70], while low back pain was 8.62% [95% CI: 7.62-9.74]. Most MSDs exhibited an increasing prevalence with age, except for neck pain, which stabilized or decreased after age 45-50. Women generally had higher prevalence rates across all age groups. High-income countries consistently showed higher prevalence rates compared to middle and low-income countries. Over time, most sub-regions experienced a significant increase in MSD prevalence. However, after adjusting for age, the temporal trends for back and neck pain became non-significant, except for hip osteoarthritis, where half of the sub-regions remained significant. Multivariate linear regressions revealed positive associations between MSD prevalence and both national income level and medical density. ConclusionThe global burden of MSDs is increasing due to population ageing, but other factors should be considered. Longitudinal studies with a wider range of MSDs and additional risk factors are needed for improved prevention strategies.