Development and Preliminary Validation of the Cannabis Exposure in Pregnancy Tool (CEPT)

BackgroundEvidence of associations between prenatal cannabis use (PCU) and maternal and infant health outcomes remains conflicting amid broad legalization of cannabis across Canada and 40 American states. A critical limitation of existing evidence lies in the non-standardized and crude measurement of PCU, resulting in high risk of misclassification bias. We developed a standardized tool to comprehensively measure prenatal cannabis use in pregnant populations for research purposes. MethodsWe conducted a patient-oriented tool development and validation study using a bias-minimizing process. Following an environmental scan and critical appraisal of existing prenatal substance use tools, we recruited pregnant participants via targeted social media advertising and obstetric clinics in Alberta, Canada. We conducted individual in-depth interviews and cognitive interviewing in separate sub-samples, to develop and refine our tool. We assessed convergent and discriminant validity internal consistency and 3-month test-retest reliability, and validated the tool externally against urine THC bioassay. Results254 pregnant women participated. The 9-item Cannabis Exposure in Pregnancy Tool (CEPT) had excellent discriminant (Cohens kappa=-0.27-0.15) and convergent (Cohens kappa=0.72-1.0) validity; as well as high internal consistency (Chronbachs alpha = 0.92), and very good test-retest reliability (weighted Kappa=0.92, 95% C.I. [0.86-0.97]). The CEPT is valid against urine THC bioassay (sensitivity=100%, specificity=77%). InterpretationThe CEPT is a novel, valid and reliable measure of frequency, timing, dose, and mode of PCU, in a contemporary sample of pregnant women. Using CEPT (compared to non-standardized tools) can improve measurement accuracy, and thus the quality of PCU and maternal and child health research.