Imbalance of circuit plasticity and consolidation in autism model marmosets is adjusted by oxytocin administration

Alterations in the experience-dependent and autonomous elaboration of neural circuits are assumed to underlie autism spectrum disorder (ASD), though it is unclear what synaptic traits are responsible. Here, we used a valproic acid-induced ASD marmoset model, which shares common molecular features with idiopathic ASD, to investigate the structural dynamics of tuft dendrites of upper-layer pyramidal neurons and adjacent axons in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex using two-photon microscopy. In model marmosets, dendritic spine turnover was upregulated, and spines were actively generated in clusters and subsequently survived more often than in control marmosets. Presynaptic boutons in local axons but not in commissural long-range axons showed hyperdynamic turnover in model marmosets, suggesting alterations in projection-specific plasticity. Intriguingly, nasal administration of oxytocin reduced the clustered spine emergence. Enhanced clustered spine generation, possibly unique to certain presynaptic partners, may be associated with ASD and may be a potential therapeutic target.