Not all seed transfer zones are created equal: Using fire history to identify seed needs in the Cold Deserts of the Western US

Restoration planning requires a reliable seed supply, yet many projects occur in response to unplanned events. Identifying regions of greater risk could help guide seed procurement. Using fire perimeters (2000-2019), we investigated differences in fire occurrence (frequency, area burned, percent of area burned) among seed transfer zones within Cold Deserts of the US. We considered both provisional seed transfer zones (PSTZs), created using climate and stratified by ecoregion, and empirical seed transfer zones (ESTZs) for two species commonly used in restoration. Finally, we present a case study on fire occurrence within Northern Basin and Range greater sage-grouse Priority Areas for Conservation (PACs). Historic fire was effective for prioritizing seed zones: 23 of 132 PSTZs burned every year, and, within each ecoregion, two PSTZs comprised [greater double equals] 50% of the total area burned across all years. Similarly, fire disproportionately occurred in some ESTZs; in the Northern Basin and Range, one (Artemisia tridentata - 83%) or two zones (Pseudoroegneria spicata - 65%) made up a majority of total area burned. Fire occurrence within PACs largely reflected the PSTZ and ESTZ priorities found for the ecoregion, with small exceptions. Imperiled PSTZs (high proportion burned) in PACs largely reflected the patterns found across the ecoregion, while imperiled ESTZs departed from ecoregional patterns. Considering historic disturbance can focus seed procurement efforts on regions that encounter regular disturbance, experience large disturbances, or have particular conservation value. This information can guide seed production, purchase, and storage, create more certainty for growers and managers, and ultimately increase restoration success. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICEO_LIAvailable data on past disturbance patterns may inform strategies for prioritizing seed procurement decisions, especially as geospatial information becomes more widely available C_LIO_LIThe methods presented here illustrate an approach for using historic disturbance data to identify regions that are of greatest need for seed collection and conservation, using seed transfer zones within US Cold Desert ecoregions as an example C_LIO_LIIdentifying regions that experience disturbance over large areas or are likely to be imperiled due to disturbance at a high proportion can guide the collection and conservation of plant materials and better align available plant material with future restoration needs C_LI