Philosophical Studies of Non-Pharmacological Pain Management with Transcultural Nursing Approach

This article will discuss the philosophical study of non-pharmacological pain management by looking at perspectives in ontology, epistemology and axiology. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage. The impact of pain can generate tension that can stimulate the central nerve to release catecholamines that cause arterial and tachycardial constriction. This can increase the afterload and decrease the cardiac output. Pain is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors at varying degrees. Pain is a subjective experience of the patient so in the provision of nursing care to pain patients, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that affect pain among other cultures. Understanding and knowledge of transcultural nursing theory, one of which is the Theory of Diversity-Based Diversity and Cultural Universality by Madeleine M. Leinenger with the sunrise model, must be owned by the nurse in conducting the assessment, making the diagnosis and arrange nursing intervention. Non-pharmacological pain management also needs to be done by nurses in overcoming pain problems in patients.