HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in postpartum Kenyan women and their infants

BackgroundHIV may increase SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity generally, but data are limited about its impact on postpartum women and their infants. As such, we characterized SARS-CoV-2 infection among mother-infant pairs in Nairobi, Kenya. MethodsWe conducted a nested study of 53 HIV-uninfected and 51 healthy women living with HIV, as well as their HIV-exposed uninfected (N=41) and HIV-unexposed (N=48) infants, participating in a prospective cohort. SARS-CoV-2 serology was performed on plasma collected between 1 May-31 December 2020 to determine the incidence, risk factors, and symptoms of infection. SARS-CoV-2 RNA PCR and sequencing was also performed on stool samples from seropositive participants. ResultsSARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was found in 38% of the 104 mothers and in 17% of the 89 infants. There was no significant association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and maternal HIV (Hazard Ratio [HR]=1.51, 95% CI: 0.780-2.94) or infant HIV exposure (HR=1.48, 95% CI: 0.537-4.09). Maternal SARS-CoV-2 was associated with a >10-fold increased risk of infant infection (HR=10.3, 95% CI: 2.89-36.8). Twenty percent of participants had symptoms, but no participant experienced severe COVID-19 or death. Seroreversion occurred in [~]30% of mothers and infants. SARS-CoV-2 sequences obtained from stool were related to contemporaneously circulating variants. ConclusionsThese data indicate that postpartum Kenyan women and their infants were at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020, and that antibody responses waned rapidly. However, most cases were asymptomatic and healthy women living with HIV did not have a substantially increased risk of infection or severe COVID-19.