Input-Specific Inhibitory Plasticity Improves Decision Accuracy Under Noise

Inhibitory interneurons regulate excitability, information flow, and plasticity in neural circuits. Inhibitory synapses are also plastic and can be modified by changes in experience or activity, often together with changes to excitatory synapses. However, given the diversity of inhibitory cell types within the cerebral cortex, it is unclear if plasticity is similar for various inhibitory inputs or what the functional significance of inhibitory plasticity might be. Here we examined spike-timing-dependent plasticity of inhibitory synapses from four major subtypes of GABAergic cells onto layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in mouse auditory cortex. The likelihood of inhibitory potentiation varied across cell types, with somatostatin-positive (SST+) interneuron inputs exhibiting the most potentiation on average. A network simulation of perceptual decision-making revealed that plasticity of SST+-like inputs provided robustness from higher input noise levels to maintain decision accuracy. Differential plasticity at specific inhibitory inputs therefore may be important for network function and sensory perception.