High-throughput molecular recording can determine the identity and biological activity of sequences within single cells

Large datasets of biomolecular activities are crucial for protein engineering, yet their scarcity due to limited experimental throughput hampers progress. We introduce Direct High-throughput Activity Recording and Measurement Assay (DHARMA), an innovative method enabling ultra-high-throughput measurement of biomolecular activities. DHARMA employs molecular recording techniques to link activity directly to editing rates of DNA segments contiguous with the coding sequence of biomolecule of interest. Leveraging a Bayesian inference-based denoising model, we mapped the fitness landscape of TEV protease across 160,000 variants. Using these datasets, we benchmarked popular protein models and showed the impact of data size on model performance. We also developed circuit self-optimization strategies and demonstrated DHARMAs capability to measure a wide range of biomolecular activities. DHARMA represents a leap forward, offering the machine learning community unparalleled datasets for accurate protein fitness prediction and enhancing our understanding of sequence-to-function relationships. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=78 SRC="FIGDIR/small/483646v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (22K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@47425borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@557a0corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bfc091org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fb7fdf_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG