Cell-specific regulation of gene expression using splicing-dependent frameshifting.

Precise and reliable cell-specific gene delivery remains technically challenging. Here we report a splicing-based approach for controlling gene expression whereby separate translational reading frames are coupled to the inclusion or exclusion of cell-specific alternative exons. Candidate exons are identified by analyzing thousands of publicly available RNA sequencing datasets and filtering by cell specificity, sequence conservation, and local intron length. This method, which we denote splicing-linked expression design (SLED), can be combined in a Boolean manner with existing techniques such as minipromoters and viral capsids. SLED vectors can leverage the strong expression of constitutive promoters, without sacrificing precision, by decoupling the tradeoff between promoter strength and selectivity. We generated SLED vectors to selectively target all neurons, photoreceptors, or excitatory neurons, and demonstrated that specificity was retained in vivo when delivered using AAVs. We further demonstrated the utility of SLED by creating what would otherwise be unobtainable research tools, specifically a GluA2 flip/flop reporter and a dual excitatory/inhibitory neuronal calcium indicator. Finally, we show the translational potential of SLED by rescuing photoreceptor degeneration in Prph2rds/rds mice and by developing an oncolytic vector that can selectively induce apoptosis in SF3B1 mutant cancer cells. The flexibility of SLED technology enables new avenues for basic and translational research.