Genetic structure analysis on leopard cat reveals the effects of habitat fragmentation on subpopulation differentiation in Beijing

In the face of habitat shrinkage and segregation, the survival of wild cats looks bleak. Interpreting the population genetic structure during habitat fragmentation is critical to planning effective management strategies. To reveal the segregation effects of road construction and human settlement on population genetic structure, we noninvasively analyzed fecal DNA samples from leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) from five nature reserves in mountainous areas around Beijing. We focused on molecular microsatellite markers and the mitochondrial control region. A total of 112 individual leopard cats were identified among 601 samples of scat, and generally moderate population genetic diversity was detected. Microsatellite marker-based gene flow (Nm) and STRUCTURE analyses showed no obvious discrepancies among the subpopulations; however, the calculation of genetic distance and construction of a phylogenetic tree of the mitochondrial control region revealed a trend toward differentiation from the other subpopulations in the Songshan subpopulation, which indicates habitat fragmentation effects. Because the isolated Songshan subpopulation may evolve independently, we suggest that its genetic structure be monitored every 5 years to detect any changes and that individuals be introduced as needed to maintain the viability of this subpopulation.