MoIsw2 activity could be the missing link between adaptation and mutation instrumental for natural adaptation-directed fast evolution (NADFE) of Magnaporthe oryzae

Isw2 proteins are conserved in eukaryotes and are known to bind to DNA and dynamically influence local chromosome condensation close to their DNA binding site in an ATP-dependent manner making genes close to the binding sites more accessible for transcription and repression. A putative MoISW2 gene was deleted with large effects on plant pathogenicity as a result. The gene was complemented and a ChIP-sec was performed to identify binding sites. RNAsec showed effects on the overall regulation of genes along the chromosomes for mutant and background strains and this was compared with RNAseq from 55 downloaded RNA-seq datasets from the same strain and found similar. MoIsw2 binding and activities create genomic regions affected by MoIsw2 with high gene expression variability close to the MoIsw2 binding sites while surrounding regions have lower gene expression variability. The genes affected by the MoIsw2 activity are niche-determinant genes (secreted proteins, secondary metabolites and stress-coping genes) and avirulence genes. We further show that MoIsw2 binding sites with the DNA binding motifs coincide with known transposable elements (TE) making it likely that TE-transposition at the binding sites can affect the transcription profile of M. oryze in a strain-specific manner. We conclude that MoIsw2 is a likely candidate for a master regulator, regulating the dynamic balance between biomass growth genes (like housekeeping genes) and nich-determinant genes important for ecological fitness. Stress-induced TE transposition is together with MoIsw2 activity a likely mechanism creating more mutations and faster evolution of the niche-determinant genes than for housekeeping genes.