Genome-wide analyses of histone modifications and chromatin accessibility reveal the distinct genomic compartments in the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans

Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight, is a devastating plant disease that leads to Irish potato famine and threatens world-wide food security. Despite the genome of P. infestans has provided fundamental resource for studying the aggressiveness of this pandemic pathogen, the epigenomes remain poorly understood. Here, utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we demonstrate post-translational modifications (PTM) at P. infestans core histone H3. The PTMs not only include these prevalent modifications in eukaryotes, and also some novel marks, such as H3K53me2 and H3K122me3. We focused on the trimethylations of H3K4, H3K9 and H3K27 and H3K36, and profiled P. infestans epigenomes employing Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (N-ChIP-seq). In parallel, we mapped P. infestans chromomatin accessibility by Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq). We found that adaptive genomic compartments display significantly higher levels of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, and are generally in condense chromatin. Interestingly, we observed that genes encoding virulence factors, such as effectors, are enriched in open chromatin regions that barely have the four histone modifications. With a combination of genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic strategies, our study illustrates the epigenetic states in P. infestans, which will help to study genomic functions and regulations in this pathogen. Author summaryEpigenetics play an important role in various biological processes of eukaryotes, including pathogenicity of plant pathogens. However, the epigenetic landscapes are marginally known in oomycetes that are fungal-like organisms and comprise lots of destructive plant pathogens. In this study, using the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans as a model, we conducted genome-wide studies of histone post modifications and chromatin accessibility, and demonstrate the relationship of gene expression and evolution with the epigenetic marks. We found that one of the most important classes of virulence proteins, effectors, are enriched in open chromatin regions that barely have eu- and hetero-chromatic marks. This study provides an overview of the oomycete epigenetic atlas, and advances our understanding of the regulation of virulence factors in plant pathogens.