Single-nucleus transcriptomic analysis reveals divergence of glial cells in peripheral somatosensory system between human and mouse

Glial cells play a crucial role in regulating physiological and pathological functions, such as sensation, infections, acute injuries, and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Glial cells include astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Despite the understanding of glial subtypes and functional heterogeneity in animal models achieved by single-cell or single-nucleus RNA sequencing, no research has investigated the transcriptomic profiles of glial cells in the human PNS and spinal cord. Here, we used high-throughput single-nucleus RNA sequencing to map the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of SGCs in the human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in the human spinal cord. To explore the conservation and divergence across species, we compared these human findings with those from mice. Additionally, the expression profiles of risk genes of common DRG and spinal cord diseases in glial cells were compared between humans and mice. As a result, little SGCs heterogeneity was found in both human and mouse DRG. In the human spinal cord, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes were respectively divided into six distinct transcriptomic subclusters. In the mouse spinal cord, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes were divided into six, five, and six distinct transcriptomic subclusters, respectively. The comparative results revealed substantial heterogeneity in all glial cells between humans and mice. Notably, we also identified transcriptomic heterogeneity in several classical genes and risk genes for neurological disorders across humans and mice. Together, the present data comprehensively profiled glial cell heterogeneity and provides a powerful resource for investigating the cellular basis of glial-related physiological and pathological conditions in peripheral somatosensory system.