A dual voltage clamp technique to study gap junction hemichannels in astrocytes cultured from neonatal rodent spinal cords

Astrocytes express surface channels involved in purinergic signaling, and among these channels, pannexin-1 (Px1) and connexin-43 (Cx43) hemichannels (HCs) mediate ATP release that acts directly, or through its derivatives, on neurons and glia via purinergic receptors. Although HCs are functional, i.e., open and close, under physiological and pathological conditions, single channel conductance of Px1 HCs is not well defined. Here, we developed a dual voltage clamp technique in HeLa cells overexpressing human Px1-YFP, and then applied this system to rodent spinal astrocytes. Single channels were recorded in cell attached patches and evoked with ramp cycles of 2 s duration and -/+ 80-100 mV amplitude through another pipette in whole cell clamp. Conductance of Px1 HC openings recorded during ramp stimuli ranged 25-110 pS. Based on their single channel conductances, Px1 HCs could be distinguished from Cx43 HCs and P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) in spinal astrocytes during dual voltage clamp experiments. Furthermore, we found that single channel activity of Cx43 HCs and P2X7Rs was increased, and that of Px1 HCs was decreased, in spinal astrocytes treated for 7 h with FGF-1, a growth factor implicated in neurodevelopment, repair and inflammation.